The role of the logistics operator is essential to ensure an efficient and secure supply chain. It is responsible for coordinating and optimising the flow of goods from the point of origin to the final destination, ensuring that each stage of the process is carried out effectively. In the context of Spanish railways, border operations and rail connections are critical aspects that require special attention, especially due to the differences between the Iberian and international track gauge.
Challenges of Border Operations
Border operations represent one of the biggest challenges for logistics operators in Spain. The main complication lies in the difference between the Iberian track gauge (1,668 mm) and the European standard track gauge (1,435 mm). This disparity requires specific solutions to ensure the continuity of rail transport across borders.
To overcome this obstacle, various strategies have been implemented, such as the use of facilities equipped with tracks of both gauges and axle switching systems on the wagons. These solutions enable goods to cross borders without significant disruption, maintaining efficiency in the supply chain.
Rail Connection: Atlantic and Mediterranean Axes
The rail connection in Spain is structured mainly around two strategic corridors: the Atlantic Axis and the Mediterranean Axis. These corridors are essential for national and international freight transport.
Atlantic Axis
This corridor connects north-western Spain with the rest of Europe via the Irún-Hendaye border. It is a key route for the transport of industrial and agricultural products, facilitating trade with countries in the north of Europe.
Mediterranean Axis
This corridor runs along the east coast of Spain, connecting the main Mediterranean ports with Europe via the Portbou-Perpignan border. It is vital for the transport of manufactured and perishable goods, as well as for imports and exports using the Mediterranean sea routes.
At Railsider, we have strategically located facilities on both axes, enabling us to offer efficient logistics solutions adapted to the needs of our customers. Our warehouses are equipped with UIC and Iberian track gauges, facilitating transfer and storage operations at borders.
Differences between the Iberian and International Track Gauges
The difference in track gauge between Spain and the rest of Europe is a historical feature that directly influences logistics operations. While the Iberian track gauge is 1,668 mm, the European standard is 1,435 mm. This discrepancy originated in 19th century technical decisions aimed at improving the stability and capacity of locomotives in the mountainous terrain of the Iberian Peninsula.
Solutions for Border Operations
To mitigate the challenges associated with gauge differences, logistics operators apply a range of solutions:
- Installations with double track gauges: Warehouses and terminals equipped with tracks of both gauges allow for the direct transfer of freight without the need to change wagon axles.
- Change of axles: Some wagons are designed to adjust the width of their axles, enabling them to run on both rail networks.
- Freight transfer: In cases in which axle switching is not possible, goods are transferred from one wagon to another wagon that is compatible with the corresponding track gauge.
Importance of the Rail Connection in the Supply Chain
An efficient rail connection is essential for a robust supply chain. Rail transport offers significant advantages, such as the ability to move large volumes of goods over long distances in a sustainable and cost-effective manner.
Furthermore, rail is less susceptible to adverse weather conditions and has lower accident rates compared with other means of transport. These characteristics turn it into the preferred option for international freight transport.
Spain is moving towards standardising its rail network to facilitate integration with the rest of Europe. Projects such as the conversion of tracks to the European standard gauge and improvement to infrastructures seek to eliminate existing barriers and promote rail transport as a competitive and sustainable alternative.
